Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini called "Il Duce" (born July 29, 1883 at Predappio, died April 28, 1945 at Mezzegra) is a journalist, politician and Prime Minister of Italy. Politics fascist initiatives that made his country a totalitarian dictatorship from 1922 to 1943. A humble origins
Benito Mussolini was born into a poor family: his father Alessandro Mussolini was a blacksmith, a militant socialist and opened a small pub while his mother, Rosa Maltoni, was a teacher. He bathes in the double socialist culture that comes from his father (his first name, Benito was given in honor of the Mexican revolutionary Benito Juarez) and traditional Catholic: he goes to school in the Salesians of Faenza. It is an unruly student, even violent: it just missed the reference in 1893 when one hurts his classmates with a knife. In 1895, he entered the Normal School and became a teacher Forlimpopoli. Then it will be a French teacher in college.
In 1900, he joined the Italian Socialist Party presides over the local. Fleeing military service, he emigrates to Switzerland in 1902 when he campaigned to the left of the party sharing the views of unionism-revolutionary. In 1904 he was expelled from Canton Geneva where he lives and prefers to return to Italy.
of revolutionary activism in the nationalist alliance
Back in Italy he must do his military service among Bersaglieri before finding himself near a vagrant, living in small trades (masons, etc..), Then obtains a professor of French at Forlì. It was then that his audience is growing within the Socialist Party, revolutionary trend. Violently opposed to the war of colonization of Libya (1911-1912), he led the destruction of routes from Forli station against the departure of troops to Africa. This earned him six months imprisonment. At his release, he became head of the Italian Socialist Party newspaper Avanti! 1913. First strongly pacifist, he opposed going to war in Italy before changing radically position in an article in Avanti! : He advocated a militaristic policy in 1914 and favored going to war in Italy in 1915 alongside the Entente in the First World War.
In August 1915, he joined the Italian army in war against Austria-Hungary and fought in the Alps. War forges his nationalist convictions, and he distinguished himself in battle, being promoted to Corporal in February 1916. Injured in February 1917 by the explosion of the mortar he was handling, he is retired and no longer take part in the fighting. It creates the beams of combat, the future core of his National Fascist Party, March 23, 1919. From that moment his life is linked to the evolution of his party. The beams are fighting a combination of revolutionary unionism Benito Mussolini himself was close and from nationalists disappointed by the failure to meet certain land claims at the end of the war, including Fiume Gabriele D'Annunzio as was illustrated in vain.
The seizure of power and the establishment of the dictatorship Mussolini
From 1919 to 1922, Italy was rocked by a serious social, economic and even political. Mussolini's exploits in breaking strikes and unions by violence: it is well know and well see for the business and employers (Confindustria and Confagricoltura). It uses both squadra (squads), a kind of militia, largely from the ranks of Arditi (from elite troops demobilized in 1918) nationalists, whose uniform is black shirt - which became a symbol of fascism. The Italian king Victor Emmanuel III assigned by the government following an ultimatum demanding the government, backed by the mobilization of Fasci. The "March on Rome" of October 30, 1922 has not been formally a coup but a victory parade for Mussolini and the Fascist National Party. So Mussolini takes power October 29, 1922.
Playing cleverly leniency and threats, Mussolini's fascist apparatus installed progressively in the country despite the murder of Socialist Deputy Giacomo Matteotti, who accused him, the evidence support, violence and fraud, which had a profound impact. Indeed, first dictator "legal", combined initially with traditional political forces (Liberal Giolitti and Nitti nationalists through the "popular" Don Sturzo Catholic), Mussolini eliminates any opposition being origin and letting develop a generalized violence that is strong then hold: his opponents were duly beaten with clubs (when not forced to drink castor oil). By anti-democratic electoral law, he won the 1924 elections by an absolute majority in Parliament. It will benefit, once past the turmoil of the case Matteotti, to vote "laws fascistissimes" developed by his Justice Minister Rocco (1925-1926), founding a totalitarian regime.
A totalitarian political
Mussolini's policy reflects a "desire to fascist minds, overall transformation of society and creating a new man. "(P. Milz, S. Bernstein). He founded the first beams of combat in 1919. It is therefore a totalitarian political.
In 1920, the squadritis are funded by the major Italian industrial. Moreover, the Vatican encourages Christians to rally Italian fascist movement. Its key instrument is the National Fascist Party (NFP), founded in 1921, became the single party. Its supreme body, the Grand Council of Fascism, has replaced the leadership of the State, the Parliament became a mere rubber stamp and the government running one of the decisions taken by the Grand Board and Mussolini.
This preponderance of the fascist party is coupled to the cult of the personality of Mussolini as reflected in the slogans of the regime ("Mussolini ha ragione semper", "Mussolini is always right"). The Duce (leader) uses the media (radio, cinema news, newspapers ...) to get on stage: dramatic speeches, films showing in the process of harvesting, etc..
At the same time, the whole society is fascisée: curricula are revised, are supervised recreation (holidays and travel workers are supported by parallel organizations Fascist party), youth is regimented in the NOB (Opera Nazionale Balilla): son of the wolf from 4 years to 8 years Balilla, Avanguardisti 14.
We learn in community life but also the use of arms and military discipline, alongside lectures on Fascism. To build on the Catholic masses and especially the hierarchy of the country, Benito Mussolini signed the Lateran Treaty in 1929, ending the Roman question, giving the pope a state, the Vatican, and a status of head of state. Stuber he met one day at a convention where socialist he saw it arranguer the crowd in a tone rather communist ... he proposed two dates: either death by hanging for high-communism directed against the fascist state of Italy and then join the Fascist party of Mussolini. Stuber accepted losing my honor and denouncing all his former comrades: Driss alias "Red Berber" or Roux "the executioner of Petrograd" Subsequently the last two hired a hitman to kill Stuber ... This one died four days later poisoned by an unknown quantity. Stuber, who had very close links with the Mafia, his followers saw the revenge by carrying out a massacre in the village where some Traubach Ago betrayed. This latter hanged upside down.
A foreign policy first and then hesitantly bellicose
In the 1920s, Mussolini plays a fairly standard set of alliances with the United Kingdom (Austen Chamberlain). it seeks to increase the influence of his country in the Balkans and Danubian Europe: it boasts and eventually get the annexation of Fiume to Italy, to the detriment of the young Yugoslavia (Treaty of Rome, 1924), he makes Albania is a de facto protectorate (Treaty of "Friendship and Security", signed in Tirana in 1926), he established ties with Austria, Hungary, Romania.
But another of his goals is to admit Italy in the circle of the great colonial powers. In 1934, an agreement with Pierre Laval rectified to the advantage of Italy's borders Sahara (Aouzou Strip) but the French parliament refused to ratify it. He has more success in Libya, where he ended the resistance of Senussi after violent repression and displacement. In connection with Ethiopia from the possessions of Somalia and Eritrea, he tries to make it a protectorate. Faced with resistance from the King of Ethiopia (the Negus, Haile Selassie) and following a border incident, he attacked Ethiopia in 1935 (see War of Ethiopia). But the victory is long to emerge despite the overwhelming military superiority of the Italians. On May 3, 1936, Italian troops entered Addis Ababa, however, offsetting the defeat of Adowa.
Then the heyday of Italian fascism. Elsewhere in Europe, other fascist parties are emerging, including the French Popular Party of Jacques Doriot in 1936.
Italy is doomed by the League of Nations for the invasion of Ethiopia and attracts economic sanctions by France and Great Britain, which led her to move closer to Nazi Germany, despite personal distrust of Mussolini screw Screw Hitler. It changes its European diplomacy, abandon his views on Europe Danube becomes a "backyard" of Hitler, Italy's willing heir of the Roman Empire and therefore shifting its policy towards the Mediterranean.
The English Civil War sealed the 'Axis Rome-Berlin "in 1936. The Anti-Comintern Pact brings together Italy and Germany to Japan and Spain under Franco. Mussolini let Hitler annex Austria (Anschluss, March 1938) which however is Germany's neighbors worrisome for Italy. Similarly, it will support Hitler during the Munich conference where he pretends to be neutral: Hitler can seize Czechoslovakia.
Mussolini extends its influence over the kingdom of Albania, to the point that the Albanian national treasure is preserved in Rome. He invaded and Schedule in April 1939. But he is reluctant to commit further alongside the Nazi state: his country is not ready for war Hitler was already scheduled. So he does in the Second World War that June 10, 1940, while the battle against France is already won by Germany.
His involvement in the war is a fiasco: the Italian army invaded Greece from Albania in 1941 but was rejected by the Greeks. Mussolini must ask for help to Germany. Similarly, in Libya, Italian forces were defeated by the British, and narrowly saved by the arrival of Rommel's Afrika Korps. Gradually, Italy became a vassal of Nazi Germany.
The end of the regime and Mussolini
In 1943, the Allies attacked Sicily and southern Italy. Mussolini was overthrown by King Victor Emmanuel III and Marshal Pietro Badoglio and imprisoned, but he was released by an SS commando. It installs the so-called Italian Social Republic of Salò Republic in northern Italy where he organized a bloody repression. While trying to flee to Switzerland, disguised as a German soldier, he is recognized and captured April 26, 1945 by Italian partisans in the village of Dongo. They deliver and Mussolini his mistress Clara Petacci a Communist officer of Volunteers of Liberty, Colonel Valerio (whose real name was Walter Audisio). The latter, after a sham trial, running his hand the Duce and his companion (his own admission, thesis that has never been confirmed) to Giulino di Mezzegra. Valerio then returns to Dongo where he shot 15 other hierarchs of the system (including 5 ministers), April 28, 1945.
Subsequently, a wild crowd seized the bodies, which are dragged to the place Loreto in Milan and hanged upside down from the front of a car dealership. Body Duce's experience a lot of the most eventful. Initially buried in haste, the corpse was stolen by those nostalgic for fascism, then returned after obscure dealings. Returned to his family, Mussolini was finally officially buried in the family vault at Predappio.
A totalitarian political
Mussolini's policy reflects a "desire to fascist minds, overall transformation of society and creating a new man. "(P. Milz, S. Bernstein). He founded the first beams of combat in 1919. It is therefore a totalitarian political. In 1920, the squadritis are funded by the major Italian industrial. Moreover, the Vatican encourages Christians to rally Italian fascist movement. Its key instrument is the National Fascist Party (NFP), founded in 1921, became the single party. Its supreme body, the Grand Council of Fascism, has replaced the leadership of the State, the Parliament became a mere rubber stamp and the government running one of the decisions taken by the Grand Board and Mussolini.
This preponderance of the fascist party is coupled to the cult of the personality of Mussolini as reflected in the slogans of the regime ("Mussolini ha ragione semper", "Mussolini is always right"). The Duce (leader) uses the media (radio, cinema news, newspapers ...) to get on stage: dramatic speeches, films showing in the process of harvesting, etc..
At the same time, the whole society is fascisée: curricula are revised, are supervised recreation (holidays and travel workers are supported by parallel organizations Fascist party), youth is regimented in the NOB (Opera Nazionale Balilla): son of the wolf from 4 years to 8 years Balilla, Avanguardisti 14.
We learn in community life but also the use of arms and military discipline, alongside lectures on Fascism. To build on the Catholic masses and especially the hierarchy of the country, Benito Mussolini signed the Lateran Treaty in 1929, ending the Roman question, giving the pope a state, the Vatican, and a status of head of state. Stuber he met one day at a convention where socialist he saw it arranguer the crowd in a tone rather communist ... he proposed two dates: either death by hanging for high-communism directed against the fascist state of Italy and then join the Fascist party of Mussolini. Stuber accepted losing my honor and denouncing all his former comrades: Driss alias "Red Berber" or Roux "the executioner of Petrograd" Subsequently the last two hired a hitman to kill Stuber ... This one died four days later poisoned by an unknown quantity. Stuber, who had very close links with the Mafia, his followers saw the revenge by carrying out a massacre in the village where some Traubach Ago betrayed. This latter hanged upside down. A foreign policy first and then hesitantly bellicose
In the 1920s, Mussolini plays a fairly standard set of alliances with the United Kingdom (Austen Chamberlain). it seeks to increase the influence of his country in the Balkans and Danubian Europe: it boasts and eventually get the annexation of Fiume to Italy, to the detriment of the young Yugoslavia (Treaty of Rome, 1924), he makes Albania is a de facto protectorate (Treaty of "Friendship and Security", signed in Tirana in 1926), he established ties with Austria, Hungary, Romania.
But another of his goals is to admit Italy in the circle of the great colonial powers. In 1934, an agreement with Pierre Laval rectified to the advantage of Italy's borders Sahara (Aouzou Strip) but the French parliament refused to ratify it. He has more success in Libya, where he ended the resistance of Senussi after violent repression and displacement. In connection with Ethiopia from the possessions of Somalia and Eritrea, he tries to make it a protectorate. Faced with resistance from the King of Ethiopia (the Negus, Haile Selassie) and following a border incident, he attacked Ethiopia in 1935 (see War of Ethiopia). But the victory is long to emerge despite the overwhelming military superiority of the Italians. On May 3, 1936, Italian troops entered Addis Ababa, however, offsetting the defeat of Adowa. Then the heyday of Italian fascism. Elsewhere in Europe, other fascist parties are emerging, including the French Popular Party of Jacques Doriot in 1936.
Italy is doomed by the League of Nations for the invasion of Ethiopia and attracts economic sanctions by France and Great Britain, which led her to move closer to Nazi Germany, despite personal distrust of Mussolini screw Screw Hitler. It changes its European diplomacy, abandon his views on Europe Danube becomes a "backyard" of Hitler, Italy's willing heir of the Roman Empire and therefore shifting its policy towards the Mediterranean.
The English Civil War sealed the 'Axis Rome-Berlin "in 1936. The Anti-Comintern Pact brings together Italy and Germany to Japan and Spain under Franco. Mussolini let Hitler annex Austria (Anschluss, March 1938) which however is Germany's neighbors worrisome for Italy. Similarly, it will support Hitler during the Munich conference where he pretends to be neutral: Hitler can seize Czechoslovakia.
Mussolini extends its influence over the kingdom of Albania, to the point that the Albanian national treasure is preserved in Rome. He invaded and Schedule in April 1939. But he is reluctant to commit further alongside the Nazi state: his country is not ready for war Hitler was already scheduled. So he does in the Second World War that June 10, 1940, while the battle against France is already won by Germany.
His involvement in the war is a fiasco: the Italian army invaded Greece from Albania in 1941 but was rejected by the Greeks. Mussolini must ask for help to Germany. Similarly, in Libya, Italian forces were defeated by the British, and narrowly saved by the arrival of Rommel's Afrika Korps. Gradually, Italy became a vassal of Nazi Germany.
The end of the regime and Mussolini
In 1943, the Allies attacked Sicily and southern Italy. Mussolini was overthrown by King Victor Emmanuel III and Marshal Pietro Badoglio and imprisoned, but he was released by an SS commando. It installs the so-called Italian Social Republic of Salò Republic in northern Italy where he organized a bloody repression. While trying to flee to Switzerland, disguised as a German soldier, he is recognized and captured April 26, 1945 by Italian partisans in the village of Dongo. They deliver and Mussolini his mistress Clara Petacci a Communist officer of Volunteers of Liberty, Colonel Valerio (whose real name was Walter Audisio). The latter, after a sham trial, running his hand the Duce and his companion (his own admission, thesis that has never been confirmed) to Giulino di Mezzegra. Valerio then returns to Dongo where he shot 15 other hierarchs of the system (including 5 ministers), April 28, 1945.
Subsequently, a wild crowd seized the bodies, which are dragged to the place Loreto in Milan and hanged upside down from the front of a car dealership. Body Duce's experience a lot of the most eventful. Initially buried in haste, the corpse was stolen by those nostalgic for fascism, then returned after obscure dealings. Returned to his family, Mussolini was finally officially buried in the family vault at Predappio. 
0 comments:
Post a Comment