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Sturmabteilung: SA

The Sturmabteilung or SA (German word for "Storm Troopers" Sturm but the word also means "storm" and "storm") formed a paramilitary organization of the NSDAP (Nazi party). They played an important role in access to power of Adolf Hitler in the 1930s. SAs are often called "brownshirts " because of the color of the uniform they wear from 1925.

Sturmabteilung The term comes from the special assault troops used by Germany during the offensive of March 1918. Replacing large groups of armed, the SA were organized into small teams of a few soldiers. They allowed the Germans to push the British and French troops of several tens of kilometers.

Hitler created the AG in Munich in 1921 by bringing together former fighters, disgruntled officers and members of the corps, drawn mostly from nearby streams socialist movements, non-Marxist, under the authority of Ernst Röhm . They acted as marshals at rallies of the Nazi party, then took an important increasing in the power structure. The SA were responsible for numerous acts of violence in the 1920s, mainly in street battles with groups like the Communist Rote Frontkämpferbund (the Union's defense German Communist Party), and were banned after the attempted putsch Hitler November 9, 1923.

The organization was authorized again in 1926 and played an increasing role. In 1933, after the election of the NSDAP, the SA considered themselves as replacements for the German regular army (Reichswehr), since convicted of being the architects of the National Socialist revolution. Some tensions appeared between Roehm and Hitler as well, between the statesman and the leader of a band of faithful to the revolutionary spirit.

order to silence the reactionary spirit of the German army and restore order within the party, Hitler, driven by some dignitaries including Heinrich Himmler, the SS Reichsführer and hostile environments a second revolution advocated by Röhm agreed to purge the SA by arresting at of the Night of Long Knives , key leaders including Röhm SA. It was finally shot dead in his cell. After this episode, the SA has not played a marginal role in the affairs of the Reich, however, distinguishing himself during the Kristallnacht pogrom in participating. From 1934's Viktor Lutze who heads the SA "diminished" until his death in 1943, Wilhelm Scheppmann succeeded him until the end of the war and the dissolution of SA in 1945.

The official anthem of the SA was Horst-Wessel-Lied , which later became the anthem of the party. This song was referring, as its name suggests, the young activist Horst Wessel elevated to martyr after his assassination in 1930.

Schutzstaffel: SS

The Schutzstaffel, German "protective squadron" or the SS is one of the main organizations of the Nazi regime.
Founded in 1925, initially responsible for close protection of the Führer, Adolf Hitler, the SS becomes, over the years, a veritable state within a state, accumulating powers and duties and from a small group to a huge organization . She plays a political role through the Allgemeine SS (General SS), repressive with the RSHA, the Ordnungspolizei and concentration camps, through the ideological and racial Lebensborn and Ahnenerbe and military after the creation of the Waffen-SS. She is also the organizer and executive of the destruction of European Jews, whether in the mobile killing operations perpetrated in Poland and the Soviet Union by Einsatzgruppen, followed by the establishment of extermination camps .

Entirely devoted to the Führer, it is directed, for almost its entire existence by Heinrich Himmler. Traversed by deep internal rivalries, in permanent conflict with other agencies (including the military) or various personalities of the Third Reich, has a complex organization, moving accumulating duplication and contradictions, it is nonetheless one of the most effective and most deadly of the Nazi terror. During the Nuremberg trials, it is declared a criminal organization.

The birth of the SS

The beginnings of the SS are particularly common and nothing apart from his birth through the myriad factions of nationalist and pan-German völkisch waving the Weimar Republic in the early 1920s.

In March 1923, Adolf Hitler, President NSDAP since 1921, is surrounded by a first bodyguard, the Stabswache (guard), composed of eight activists of the first hour, which Rudolf Hess. After barely two months old and due to internal conflicts and the departure of some of its members, Stabswache disappears immediately reborn as the Stosstrupp Hitler (Hitler platoon shock), which is always that a handful of members.

In 1925, after the failed Beer Hall Putsch and the banning of the Nazi party, the SA and all their components following the abortive attempt coup, Hitler confided to his chauffeur, Julius Schreck , former member of the Stosstrupp, the creation of a new guard, under the name of Schutzstaffel: The SS was born.

Not having at that time that some members, the SS runs from September 21, 1925, when the order is given to each section of the Nazi Party to establish a squad of ten protection men, except in Berlin, where the maximum is raised to twenty members. In April 1926, Joseph Berchtold, a former papermaker and former commander of the Stosstrupp returned from Austria where he had taken refuge after the attempted coup and took command of the SS. The role of the latter is recognized by the Führer July 4, 1926, when he solemnly calls Blutfahne (blood flag), the emblem of the 1923 coup.

During all his years, the SS is in open conflict with SA, created by Ernst Roehm, who has several thousand members and is the single shock troops of the party in 1928, the SS is limited to 280 men and is strictly dependent on the SA tries to confine subordinate roles. In March 1927, Berchtold resigned and was replaced by Erhard Heiden, whose role is also ephemeral. On 6 January 1929, Hitler appoints new Reichsfuhrer SS Heinrich Himmler.

The rise

On 30 January 1933 Hitler came to power and was appointed chancellor. SS account at this time 52,000 members against three million for the SA.

While the terror of the SA street has more reason to be after taking power, the new chancellor must balance support of the conservative, military and industrial The violence of the SA is unleashed throughout Germany, including creating wild in March 1933, the concentration camp at Oranienburg, or abuses in the Berlin district of Köpenick.

In terms of repression of opponents, the SS is no exception and the SD cards are proving very effective: it is used in particular to populate the Dachau camp, founded by the Bavarian police in March 1933 , but whose responsibility is transferred, April 2, 1933, the SS by Himmler, who became commander of the Bavarian political police. End of June 1933, Theodor Eicke , later Inspector General is appointed commander of the camps at Dachau, which marks the beginning of the organization of the Nazi concentration camp. In 1933

and 1934, the SA accumulating demonstrations of force, mass parades that bring up to 80,000 participants in Breslau, it also increases its demands in order to have posts of responsibility within the Nazi regime, continues to proclaim that the revolution n has not yet started and enter into open conflict with the Reichswehr it intends to replace a popular army.

Meanwhile, the SS enters into valuable contacts with industrialists, military officers, scientists and intellectuals, landowners within the Circle of Friends Reichsführer SS. She remains loyal to Adolf Hitler and also showed signs of respectability. End of 1933, the latter gives his personal guard the official title of the SS Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler. "

The termination of the trusteeship of SA

In 1934, Heinrich Himmler and his deputy Reinhard Heydrich direct are, with Hermann Goering, the artisans of the Night of the Long Knives, which leads to the elimination of SA as a political force and allowing the SS to depend directly on the Führer.

With over four million members, totally devoted to its leader, Ernst Röhm, the SA requires social and economic reforms, frightening the business community and the traditional conservative parties, and his willingness to take control of the army raised the opposition of military leaders including Hitler an urgent need.

Having concocted a plot by Röhm to take power and approved of Hitler 30 June and 1 July 1934, members of the SS decapitate the SA .

The treatment made a hundred victims whose Röhm himself (murdered by Theodor Eicke, inspector of future concentration camps and then commander of the 3rd SS Panzer Division Totenkopf). Part of the executions took place in the prison yard Stadelheim in Munich, the squad being controlled by Sepp Dietrich . SS eliminates a rival organization to which it belonged still formally.

The Allgemeine SS

In the words of George H. Stein, members of the Allgemeine SS, 250 000 men in 1939, had "no specific obligation to complete except that remain in permanent state of alert as during the struggle for power." Many members of the Allgemeine SS are assigned to guard concentration camps, with a nominal rank in the Waffen SS, they serve in the Totenkopf-Wachtsturmbanne, under the direct authority of the commanders of the camps, then reattached Amt in B WHA from March 3, 1942

The RSHA

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The RSHA RSHA or ( "Central Office for Reich Security) was an organization created by the Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler September 22, 1939 through the merger of SD, the Gestapo and Kriminalpolizei to neutralize the" enemies of the Reich "and in particular , "undesirables".

His first was the SS chief Reinhard Heydrich-Obergruppenfuehrer until his assassination June 4, 1942, then the SS-Gruppenführer Ernst Kaltenbrunner to the end of the war.

The Waffen-SS The Waffen SS

is the military component of the SS. Upon taking power by the Nazis, it acquires commando armed, Politische Bereitschaften, whose mission is to hunt down opponents. After the night of the Long Knives, the commandos are grouped into a single unit, the Verfügungstruppe (VT), despite the reluctance of the Reichswehr.



The VT was elevated to division (future 2nd Panzer Division SS Das Reich), by decree of Adolf Hitler in 1938. VT and the Totenkopf units formed guards of concentration camps, participate in the Polish campaign. She reported them for their brutality, denounced by the Wehrmacht General Johannes Blaskowitz. The Waffen SS then took part in the campaign in France, with three divisions and a half. If these divisions have the advantage of being fully motorized, they play no role.

In 1941, five divisions of the Waffen SS were involved in Operation Barbarossa. Equipped with armored divisions in 1942, the Waffen SS becomes a formidable reputation for ferocity and fighting on the Eastern front, especially after 1943. "During the last two years of conflict, division [armor] of the Waffen SS often slowed and stopped often for a time the inexorable advance of the Soviets."



The Waffen SS is the backbone of the German defense in the Battle of Normandy and the spearhead of the German offensive at the Battle of the Bulge. It is part of the last four of the defenders of the Nazi regime during the Battle of Berlin.

At the end of the war, the Waffen SS has 38 divisions and nearly 900 000 men, of very variable quality and origins of the most diverse of Volksdeutschen (people of German or Germanic origin living outside the Reich) volunteers French or Belgian , the Baltic States to the Bosnian Muslims. At that time, the Waffen-SS origins, with its recruitment criteria physical, racial and ideological particularly strict and rigorous training and testing, is a distant memory.



Throughout his journey, the Waffen SS is distinguished by the number atrocities and killings that many of its units are responsible. His war crimes are legion, the killing of prisoners during the campaign in France in 1940 at the Battle of the Bulge, the murder of 14,000 civilians in the Ukraine in 1941 to crimes committed in Italy or France in 1944.