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Lucky Luciano Ernesto Che Guevara

Lucky Luciano, whose real name Salvatore Lucania (November 24, 1897, Lercara Friddi, Sicily, Italy - January 26, 1962, Naples, Italy) is an Italian-American mobster who was probably the offense that the historical influence was greatest. The magazine The Times has ranked among the leading builders of empire of the twentieth century: an empire of crime. After the assassination of Salvatore Maranzano, Luciano was the true creator of the international trafficking of heroin.



Beginnings

Luciano immigrated to the United States with his parents in 1907. He began very early in the shoplifting and extortion of Jewish boys and young Italians in return for his protection. So he met Meyer Lansky , for whom he maintained a steadfast friendship. Lansky threat when actually, it was not to be intimidated and refused protection. It was also during his youth he met the man who would later be the boss of Chicago: Al Capone. At 18, Luciano was arrested (with Armand Taheri, who was 15 years old) while he was delivering heroin and spent six months in jail. His fame grew in the Five Points Gang, whose members were also known as the "Five Pointers". In 1920, he was a major smuggler, in association with Frank Costello, Meyer Lansky and Bugsy Siegel, and incidentally Joe Adonis and Vito Genovese. At the same time, Costello introduced him to Dutch Schultz and Arnold Rothstein. Two different versions explain his nickname "Lucky" ("Lucky"): the most likely connected to a beating in 1926. Depending on version, these were the henchmen of one of the main sponsors of New York, or Maranzano Masseria. The result came out miraculously alive, keeping only several facial scars, which damaged an eyelid, again half closed. The other version says that he often was counting on the good horse when he played at the races.

Covenant with the Mafia: Lucky Luciano (48 min)

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War Castellammarese

Lucky Luciano then joined the family of one of the most powerful backers from New York, Joe Masseria. While Luciano was furious to see many business opportunities due to fly anti-Semitism of the Mafia, Masseria was wary of his ambition. From

1930 to 1931, the Masseria family and that of his rival Salvatore Maranzano clashed during the war Castellammarese, resulting in dozens of murders. To end this carnage (with Meyer Lansky and preparing a plan to take power), Luciano spent a deal with Maranzano to betray Masseria was murdered while he was with him at the restaurant (Luciano had gone to the bathroom for an alibi ). Then he turned against his new boss.

Luciano's vision, his willingness to shake up the old traditions of the mafia, relationships (particularly Meyer Lansky) and his keen sense of strategy and a charisma undeniably brought Lucky Luciano, now a sponsor of the five families of La Cosa Nostra in New York to become an important member of Tomorrow.


Covenant with the Mafia 2 of 3

Rise

At age 46, Luciano reign on the environment. It brings together a conference of crime including Al Capone in Chicago will host another in New York in a hotel on Park Avenue to announce the outline of his proposed crime syndicate. Taking up the ideas he has gleaned from a boss Arnold Rothstein, said "the banker", he wants illegal activities will give the same structures as the U.S. economic and industrial sectors. It generalizes the system of "family" at the national level. Each clan must exercise absolute authority over its territory or city. A union council will be responsible for litigation and assassinations. No personal initiative and not free of crime. It creates a joint strike force: the Murder Incorporated, a limited company for the murders. Other rules: No one kills himself between mafia. The other, police, judges or politicians, they are corrupt because Luciano think all men can be bought, just to pay the price.


Covenant with the Mafia 3 of 3

Luciano, bright and eager young gangster can reach the top, becomes a celebrity and raises considerable funds for time (racketeering, drug traffickers, alcohol, games, control of unions). His idea of decentralization Crime headed the commission grants him a power that no gangster knew no more after him. So he settled in luxury at the Waldorf Astoria, wears different costumes every day and the most frequent beautiful call girls in New York.

However, in 1936, Attorney Thomas Dewey mounted a plot to allegedly update a large prostitution ring, Luciano being accused of organizing it according to methods of optimization. At trial, several prostitutes and pimps were called to testify, and Luciano received a sentence of 30 to 50 years imprisonment (although there is evidence that this story of prostitution had been created from scratch). His lawyer managed to have him transferred to the prison at Dannemora (instead of prison more lasts from Sing Sing where he was a librarian. Through his political connections, he was able to receive a treatment (champagne, caviar, etc..) And receive regular partner, allowing him to continue managing his empire.

Role during the Second World War

Charles Lucky Luciano


Legend has it that in December 1941, the Secret Service U.S. Navy (ONI) had quietly approached Lucky Luciano to assist them to control the port of New York, which U.S. officials feared it would be the subject of attempted sabotage by Nazi agents. Provided by interest and patriotism, Lucky Luciano would have agreed to the Organization to serve the war effort. Until 1945, the Union of Dockers, totally infiltrated by the Mafia, including through Albert Anastasia, and would have held very firm control over port facilities.

This collaboration would have crossed a new milestone in 1943 when the U.S. Secret Service reportedly asked to enter in contact with the major "families" of Sicily, including Palermo's godfather, Calogero Vizzini so that they facilitate the Allied invasion of Sicily by sabotage and intelligence missions. The Mafia would have played a significant role in the success of military operations. Later, the Americans have asked him to contain communist influence in the island.

Lucky Luciano, however, denied this version of events in his book will.

The Havana Conference

In December 1946, continuing a journey that led him to Venezuela and Mexico, Luciano went to Cuba where he organized (with Meyer Lansky, Frank Costello and Joe Adonis ) conference in Havana. As a precaution, Luciano bought the hotel where the meeting takes place: the Hotel Nacional for a fee of $ 150 million with the approval of Fulgencio Batista. This meeting was an opportunity for him to reassert its leadership on the crime syndicate. Albert Anastasia, Joseph Bonanno, Vito Genovese, Tommy Lucchese, Carlos Marcello, Willie Moretti, Joe Profac, Abner Zwillman, Bugsy Siegel, Lepke Buchalter, Bo Weinberg, Albert Anastasia and Santo Trafficante were also present.

This meeting led to decisions of major importance as the massive investment in casinos in Havana, the murder of Bugsy Siegel , who after his investments in Las Vegas, could not repay the money lent by the Commission . Moreover, he formulated an arbitration in the rivalry between Albert Anastasia and Vito Genovese. This ambitious, vindictive Luciano wanted the withdrawal of (the management of his family, that coveted Genovese had been assigned to Costello and Lansky) provoked a heated argument. In February 1947, Luciano was deported back to Italy after pressure from U.S. government the government of Fulgencio Batista.

International trafficking heroin

In 1947, Luciano moved to Naples (officially as head of an import-export), where he forged ties with the mafia Italian Camorra, the 'Ndrangheta (Greek word meaning heroism and virtue ) and the Sicilian Cosa Nostra. Considering the enormous potential benefits of a booming market, he wanted to organize an international heroin trafficking, despite the reservations he had expressed earlier to Vito Genovese, a precursor in this activity. In October 1957, he organized the Grand Hotel des Palmes in Palermo, a conference attended by the main sponsors Sicilian and representatives of the five New York families, including Joseph Bonanno and Carmine Galante. It also embodies a strong relationship between U.S. and Sicilian mafias and set it up heroin trafficking routes: opium from Turkey. It would have also forged links with the traffickers determinants Corsica and Marseilles underworld, including Antoine Guerini, including trafficking networks were known as: French Connection.

Last Years and Death

From Naples, places where he was exiled in 1959, it traps Vito Genovese in a transaction of heroin which were alerted federal authorities. In the early 1960s he clashed with Meyer Lansky, whom he suspected of diverting the sums owed to him, but gave up acting.

In Naples resident, Luciano does not look like the villain he was. He says he looks like a "retired dentist. His hair is graying, wears glasses, plays with his dog. It is especially fell in love for the first time a Milanese Igea Lissoni. But She died of breast cancer in 1958. Luciano will never recover.

In January 1962, Lucky Luciano was stricken by a heart attack at Naples airport, while the assistant Barnett Glassman was to bring him the screenplay on his life . He was buried in the United States, U.S. law does not consider that a corpse has any nationality. He is buried in a family vault in which Luciano was acquired in 1935 at St. John's Cemetery in Middle Village, New York.

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Ernesto Rafael Guevara

de la Serna was born Thursday, June 14, 1928 in Rosario, Argentina. It is the first son of the architect Ernesto Guevara Lynch, of English and Irish descent on his mother, and Celia de la Serna and Llosa, a descendant of a wealthy family. Ernesto or "head", as he was known his parents, four brothers and sisters: Roberto, Celia, Ana María and Juan Martín. The couple Guevara de la Serna, was married in 1927 and then went off to live in Puerto Caraguatay in the province of Misiones, where they operate a grass mat. Celia was pregnant, they decide to go to Buenos Aires by boat on the Paraná River, so that the baby is born safely. But June 14, 1928, the ship must make a stop in the port of Rosario, province of Santa Fe

Childbirth Celia takes place earlier than expected, and the baby is born in the maternity Hospital Centenario. His parents prénomment Ernesto Rafael.

El Che: French documentary film (96 min)



At the end of the year 1929 the family moved into the street Alem, San Isidro, Buenos Aires. On May 2, 1930, Ernesto has not yet become ill two years. He suffers his first asthma attack. In 1931 the family moved into an elegant suburb of the capital. Due to health problems of Ernesto, the family will change residence repeatedly, until a doctor advises them to visit Alta Gracia, province of Córdoba. The drier climate of this region is conducive to Ernesto, and they decide to rent a house in Villa Carlos Pellegrini.

Biography Che Guevara (English)

health problems of his mother Celia Ernesto lead to take over his primary education. Then it will follow the normal school course San Martín and Manuel Solares college. In March 1942 he began his secondary education at National College Dean Funes, Córdoba, about 45 miles to Alta Gracia. Family Guevara de la Serna is going to live in Alta Gracia until early 1943 when Ernesto made the acquaintance of the brothers Granado and Ferrer, with whom he became friends for very long.



In 1946 the family moved to Buenos Aires to live in an apartment in the paternal grandmother. When the grandmother, Ana Isabel, became seriously ill, Ernesto the day for 17 days, and at his death, he announced that he will study medicine instead of engineering studies that he had envisaged. Ernesto is found unfit for military service because of his illness. In 1947 he began his medical studies and shows little interest in politics and student protest movements, although his parents, especially his mother, were anti-Peronist activists. But at the end of the year he meets Berta Gilda Infante, known as Tita. She is a member of the Communist Youth Argentina. They become good friends and Ernesto speeds bed with her Marxist texts and they discuss the political reality of the time.



In October 1950, he decided to make his first trip to Latin America, through Chile, Peru and Colombia. It is the attentive spectator of the social problems of the poor in these countries, and cites in his notes the words of Jose Marti: "I want my destiny to unite the world's poor." On 29 December 1951, he left with his friend Alberto Granados through the South American continent. But the motorcycle on which they make the trip, Norton 500, the loose and they must work, either as a physician assistant or performing odd jobs, to continue their journey.

Ernesto returns Buenos Aires in August 1952 to pursue his medical studies . He received the title of Doctor of Medicine and Surgery April 11, 1953 at the University of Buenos Aires. On July 7, 1953 he went again on their journey across South America and Central America. He is accompanied by Carlos Ferrer "Calica". He observes the social changes in Bolivia made by the Nationalist Revolutionary Movement came to power. Then they visit Peru, Ecuador, Panama and Costa Rica, where they met the Cuban Calixto García Rosell and Severino, who had participated in the assault on the Moncada Barracks. They continue travel and visit Nicaragua, Honduras and El Salvador, to finally arrive in Guatemala in 1953. In Guatemala, Che continued his education policy through the friendship that binds with the exiled Peruvian economist of Indian origin, Hilda Gadea Ontalia, former member of the Aprista Party (APRA, Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana). He also became friends with a group of Cuban revolutionaries, July 26, 1953 which took part in the assault on the Moncada Barracks. Among them is Nico Lopez, who christened the nickname of Ernesto "Che".

He keeps abreast with them into actions and take a firm decision to continue the fight from the release of Fidel Castro and other comrades. Ernesto Che Guevara gets in touch with the Guatemalan Party of Labour and officiates as a doctor in the unions. It participates actively in the internal politics of the country in defense of democratic government, revolutionary Jacobo Arbenz. But after the invasion organized by the CIA, Arbenz fell in September 1954.

As qu'argentin and because of its position in favor of the government of Arbenz, Ernesto Che Guevara can not stay longer in Guatemala, and after seeking asylum from Embassy of Argentina, Che decided to go to Mexico, where he worked as a photographer and at the General Hospital. A month later he was joined by Hilda Gadea and Nico Lopez.

One day visit of Maria Antonia Gonzales, Number 49 Street Jose Amparan, Ernesto got to know Fidel Castro. María Antonia is a Cuban living in Mexico, working effectively with revolutionary exiles. During this meeting, Che remains to converse for ten hours with Fidel, during which they exchange all type of opinion. The leader of the Cuban revolution explains the reasons for his struggle against the dictator Batista. At the end of this conversation Che is therefore part of the group.

He married August 8, 1955 with Hilda Tepotzotlán, near Mexico City. Hilda was pregnant and the future godfather is Raul Castro. February 15, 1956, born Hilda Guevara Gadea. Ernesto is 57 days in jail Miguel Schultz after he was arrested by police in the Mexican hacienda Santa Rosa, Popocatepetl, 35 kilometers from the capital, which was the training camp of the Cuban revolutionaries who were preparing an attack against Cuba , and were headed by General Alberto Bayo, a former colonel in the Republican Army during the Civil War in Spain.

Che has always hidden his revolutionary activities to his parents, and he sends them a letter informing them of his situation and announcing his separation from Hilda. On Sunday, November 25, 1956, from the mouth of the Rio Tuxpan in Mexico, Ernesto Che Guevara goes with the "Granma" with 81 other men aboard a yacht with a capacity of 25 persons only, that Fidel Castro had purchased from a North American.

A week later, on Sunday December 2, they landed in Los Cayelos, east of Cuba, beginning the revolutionary guerrillas in the mountains of Sierra Maestra. From the beginning, Che stands as a fighter in Cuba's revolutionary struggle against the tyranny of dictator Fulgencio Batista. 1 March 1958, is aired for the first time "Radio Rebelde", a radio created by Che.

At the end of April 1958, Ernesto is sent from Jibaro, in the Sierra Maestra , head of the commando of the 8th column toward the central region of the country. They come up Sierra del Escambray, Las Villas province, where they will set up a base camp. Che participated with great enthusiasm, especially in the fighting at the Battle of Santa Clara 1st December 1958, which is very important in their main goal: toppling the dictatorship and the triumph of the Cuban Revolution. On 1 January 1959, Cuba was freed, and Batista into exile.

January 2, Camilo Cienfuegos in Havana between Gorriarán, paralyzed by a general strike. The next Che makes his entrance, and Sunday, January 8, Fidel Castro's victorious entry into the capital. Che's parents arrive in Cuba on Monday, 6 years after the last meeting with their son. January 21, Hilda Gadea and Hildita come to live in Havana.

In regard to services rendered in Cuba, Ernesto Che Guevara is declared a Cuban citizen by the Cabinet Monday, February 9, 1959. In March 1958, Ernesto became acquainted with a young Cuban Escambray 22, Aleida March Torres , June 2, 1959 and the marriage is solemnized after the divorce was pronounced between Che Guevara and Hilda Gadea May 22 1959.

June 12 to September 5, Ernesto Che Guevara is on a mission for the Cuban government in Egypt, Sudan, India, Burma, Indonesia, Ceylon, Japan, Morocco, Yugoslavia and Spain. For several years he filled official positions within the Cuban government. Among these various governmental charges, military and economic, he was appointed Chief of the Revolutionary Armed Forces, Head of Industry and Agrarian Reform, and November 26, 1959 he served as President of the National Bank of Cuba.

On March 4, 1960, in an attack organized by the CIA, the Belgian vessel "The Covers", which provided arms to Cuba, exploded in Havana harbor. The next day Alberto Korda took the famous photo of Che in tribute to victims of the attack, and during the ceremony Fidel Castro uttered the phrase that will go down in history: "Patria o muerte. ¡Venceremos!" (Homeland or death. We shall overcome!).

Che chairs many official missions on behalf of the Revolutionary Government. October 22 to December 9, he is the head of Cuba's economic mission is visiting the USSR, Czechoslovakia, East Germany and the People's Republic of China. October 19, 1960 The U.S. trade embargo decreed Cuba. On 17 November, during his stay in China, was born Aleida Guevara March, or "Aliusha" in Havana. It is also where his other brothers were born.

January 3, 1961 The United States broke diplomatic relations with Cuba. On February 23, 1961, Che was appointed Minister of Industry and Member of the Central Planning Board. On May 20, 1962 born son, Camilo, the name he gives tribute to his friend Camilo Cienfuegos, who died tragically in a plane crash. From April 17 to 20, 1961, Ernesto Che Guevara took the military command of Pinar del Río mercenaries for the attack on the Playa Girón, Bay of Pigs (Bahía de los Cochinos), during which revolutionaries in 1500 cons Cubans attempt to invade the island in an operation organized and financed by the CIA. The revolutionaries will defeat the mercenaries within 72 hours.

August 4, Che is at the head of the Cuban delegation at the Conference of the Americas in Punta del Este in Uruguay. The delegation was received at the National Airport of Carrasco by thousands of people chanting anti-Yankee slogans and cries of "Long live the Cuban Revolution." In October 1962 until November of that year, Ernesto took the military command of troops in Pinar del Rio during the October Crisis.

At its presence in Cuba, Che work in many jobs: he is the initiator of Volunteer Work in the country, the organization of the Revolutionary Armed Forces (FAR) and is the founder the magazine Verde Olivo, where he wrote numerous articles and is the author of various books and essays. The works of Che the best known are: "Diario de Bolivia" , "Allocution in Argel," Speech at the XIXth General Assembly of the United Nations "," El cuadro, columna vertebral de la revolución "," El Socialismo y el Hombre in Cuba "," Guerrilla Warfare "," Message to the People of the world through the Tricontinental "," Reminiscences of the Revolutionary War, "" University Reform and Revolution, "" On the construction of the Party "," Solidarity South Vietnam "," Tactics and Strategy of the Latin American Revolution. "



Le 14 juin 1963 nait you quatrième enfant du Che, you troisième avec Aleida. C'est une fille qui appelée be Celia, in hommage à sa mère. Le 19 mars 1964 au monde vient Omar Perez, fruit of extramarital relationship that Ernesto had with Lidia Rosa López. From March 20, 1964 to April 13, Che is at the head of the delegation during the UN Conference on Trade and Development in Geneva, Switzerland. From April 15 to 17, he is visit to France, Algeria and Czechoslovakia.

He visited the USSR of November 5 to 19 and participated at the 47th Anniversary of the October Revolution. He chairs again the Cuban delegation at the UN General Assembly in New York from 9 to 17 December 1964. Then he went to Algeria.

In January 1965, Ernesto Che Guevara's Republic of China and Mali, Congo (Brazzaville), Guinea, Ghana, Dahomey, Tanzania, Egypt, Algeria and returned to Havana on March 14. His last public intervention in Cuba takes place March 15 when he gave an account of his travels abroad to his staff of Ministry of Industry. To pursue its most prominent libertarian ideals, he requested that the Department of the Cuban Revolution his party responsibilities that bind to Cuba to resume the armed struggle in solidarity with the peoples of the world.

On 1 April 1965 he wrote farewell letters to his parents, his children and Fidel Castro, and goes for Congo. In this country he learns the death of his mother. A year later, Thursday, November 3, 1966, Ernesto Che Guevara arrived in La Paz, via Madrid and Sao Paulo. He was smuggled into Bolivia under the name of Adolfo Mena González, Peruvian officials of the Organization of American States and owns the event, a Uruguayan passport in the name of Ramón Fernández Benítez.

On 7 November 1966, he is in a hacienda where Ñancahuasú, with a small group of fighters Bolivians, Cubans and other nationalities, he founded the National Liberation Army of Bolivia (Ejército de Liberación Nacional de Bolivia). While in Colombia, it is known as "Comandante Ramón" and also "Fernando el sacamuelas. But 11 months later, after having been captured and seriously injured Ernesto Che Guevara was executed, Sunday, October 8, 1967 at 13:10 , by Bolivian soldiers led by CIA agents in the small village school La Higuera, province of Chuquisaca.

October 18 1967, knew the Place de la Revolution Fidel Castro informed the half million Cubans present the death of Commander Ernesto Che Guevara: "You have gone physically, but your image and your ideals are and will remain present in us, because those they can never kill them with bullets. "

Video: Che Guevara, who died of a revolutionary and legend (53 min)

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Che Guevara Death of a revolutionary legend and part 2 / 3



Che Guevara, who died of a legend and revolutionary part 3 / 3

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Ham the chimp in space

Ham (August 1956-19 January 1983), whose real name is Chang, also known as "Ham the chimp, is the first hominid to be gone in space. Ham is the acronym for the lab that prepared him for his historic flight, the Holloman Aerospace Medical Center, located in New Mexico. Identified 65 chimpanzee he was named "Ham" that after the success of the mission. In 1958, the U.S. has an obsession: to compete with the Soviets, who recently put into orbit its first satellite, Sputnik, and be sent into space dog Laika. Nascent, NASA will implement the means to achieve it. For over three years, its Mercury program mobilizes hundreds of scientists and engineers, thousands of technicians and laborers. The goal is to build a rocket capable of sending a man into space and bring him back, alive on Earth.


Choosing among the best fighter pilots from the U.S. Air Force, seven astronauts undergo training drastically. Tests of skill, speed, resistance to containment, to sudden accelerations or deceleration: the tests are hellish.

same time, to conduct a rehearsal, thirty chimpanzees are subject to the same exercises. It comes to choosing the pig as fit to participate in the preparatory mission. Ham, in which Jeff has worked his trainer, eventually leaving the lot. Acronym Holloman Aerospace Medical Center where he been trained in New Mexico, Ham is a chimp in Cameroon 4 years back. It is, despite himself, into the history of astronautics. Harnessed in a capsule made of tailor that propels the rocket Redstone 2, Ham took off from Cape Canaveral, Florida, January 31, 1961. Unlike Laika, who died during his mission, he comes back, he was free from his six-minute suborbital flight. This success opens, finally, the way the first U.S. manned flight, directed by Alan B. Shepard's May 5, 1961. It will also allow Americans to realize their dream: to send, eight years later, men on the Moon.

Alice In Wonderland Congratulations Card

Dichotomy ... Tear ... Dilemma ...

"Who wants to be the Angel makes the Beast " they say.

Some ideas:

The finger lifted after outstretched arm, means the unattainable perfection ...

The hand is very small, the measurement of some real efforts we make to achieve it!

In contrast, the other hand, designating the land, the glebe in which we struggle,

is heavy and thick heavy our humanity that we still pulls down ...

vexed the character's face shows that the Apostle Paul rightly said:

"The will of the flesh are contrary to the will of the mind!" (Galatians 5; 17)

where the rifts brought about by the incessant fighting inside ...

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The Apollo 11 mission

The Apollo program was launched by John F. Kennedy May 25, 1961, mainly to reclaim the American prestige being undermined by the success of Soviet astronautics, at a time when the Cold War between the two superpowers was in full swing. The space program of NASA was conducted during the period 1961 - 1975 which allowed the U.S. to send the first men on the moon. Apollo 11 was the first space mission to have led a man on the moon. This is the third manned mission to have approached the Moon after Apollo 8 and Apollo 10, the fifth manned U.S. Apollo space program. The mission, whose ship was launched July 16, 1969, carries a crew of Commander Neil Armstrong, Command Module Pilot Michael Collins and Lunar Module Pilot Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin. On July 20, 1969, Armstrong and Aldrin became the first men to walk on the moon.


The crew of Apollo 11

Neil Armstrong (Commander of the mission)

Neil Alden Armstrong was born August 5, 1930 in Wapakoneta, Ohio. The commander of the Apollo 11 mission. Neil is interested in aviation from an early age, first performing modeling, then moving his wings during the summer of 1946. In 1947, Armstrong began studying aerospace engineering at the University Purdue. Calling the Navy arrived January 26, 1949, and demanded his presence at the Naval Air Station Pensacola for his flight training. It lasted nearly eighteen months, during which he qualified for carrier landing aboard the aircraft carrier USS Cabot and USS Wright. On 12 August 1950, he was informed by letter that he was now fully qualified as a naval aviator. In 1951, at age 21, he is a fighter pilot during the Korean War during which he will conduct 78 missions. He left the Navy 23 August 1952 and became a lieutenant in the United States Navy Reserve. After graduating from Purdue, Armstrong decided try to become a test pilot.

Armstrong applied to the High-Speed Flight Station of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) - the former name of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA). Lil made its first flight in a rocket plane was August 15, 1957 with the Bell X-1B at an altitude of 18.3 km. In November 1960 Armstrong was chosen as part of the X-20 Dyna-Soar, a military plane for space. In 1962, he flew with the North American X-15-1 to Mach 5.74 (6615 km / h). It is becoming increasingly enthusiastic about the Apollo program and the prospect of discovering a new environment Aeronautics. On 16 March 1966, he participated in the Gemini 8 mission as pilot-commander. On April 5, 1967, Armstrong was selected from 17 other astronauts to join Apollo. Based on the normal rotation of the crew, Armstrong would command Apollo 11, which was confirmed December 23, 1968. July 21, 1969-2 pm UTC 56 minutes, in possession of his left foot on the lunar surface, he utters the following words: "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for Mankind" which can be translated as " It's a small step for man, one giant leap for mankind. "

Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin (Lunar Module Pilot)

Aldrin was born January 20, 1930 in Glen Ridge, New Jersey. After graduating from Montclair High School, he entered the military academy at West Point, and left third in 1951 with a Bachelor of Science.

As a jet pilot, he participated in the Korean War and during its 66 combat missions over North American F-86 Sabre, he shot down two MiG-15. After the war he became an instructor at Nellis Air Force Base.

In 1963, he earned a doctorate of science in astronautics at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) and was selected as an astronaut by NASA. He participated in the last flight of the Gemini program as a pilot alongside Jim Lovell, 11 November 1966. In 1969 he took part in the Apollo 11 mission during which he is the second man to walk on the Moon after Neil Armstrong. It will be the only astronaut to appear on all photos taken on the moon because it is Armstrong who owned the aircraft. By suiting, Aldrin breaks the button serves to activate the engine of the shuttle ascent. Cleverly, he will replace it with a pen cap serving as a pusher, and could restart the engine for the return.

Michael Collins (command module pilot)

Michael Collins was born October 31, 1930 in Rome. It arejoint NASA in 1963 in the third group of astronaut selection, and made his first space flight with Gemini 10 in 1966. During this flight, Collins and his teammate John W. Young set a new altitude record flight, 765 miles above Earth. It also carries out two spacewalks during this mission. Collins should have participated in the Apollo 8 mission, but it suffered from the spine, and despite having had surgery, he had to stay ground and was replaced by Jim Lovell, Apollo 8.

In July 1969 he flew as a pilot control module during the Apollo 11 mission. Collins remains in orbit around the moon in the command module, while teammates Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed on the moon and walk on the lunar surface. At the time, he was described as "the loneliest person on and off the planet" - when the control module flying over the opposite side of the moon, it was at least 3200 miles his fellow astronauts, and more than 350 000 kilometers from the rest of the world's population.

Liftoff

The July 16, 1969 at 13:32 UTC on Saturn V launch vehicle, weighing more than 3000 tons, took off from Launch Complex 39 at Cape Canaveral. After an uneventful boost phase it goes into low orbit around Earth.

The Saturn V

Saturn V was used by NASA for the Apollo and Skylab programs between 1967 and 1973, in full space race between Americans and Soviets. He was a starter on several floors, liquid propellant latest addition to the Saturn family of launch vehicles designed under the direction of Wernher von Braun at the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) in Huntsville, Alabama, in collaboration with the Boeing Company, North American Aviation, Douglas Aircraft Company and IBM as prime contractors. Saturn V remains, even in 2010, the largest launch vehicle that has been used in operation, either in terms of height, the takeoff weight or mass of the payload injected into orbit.


Apollo 11 mission, the first steps on the Moon (87 min)

Saturn V, which was designed to launch the Apollo manned spacecraft to the first steps of man on the moon, has continued his service by sending the orbiting space station Skylab. In all, NASA launched thirteen Saturn V rockets, without regret any loss of payload. The three floors that made Saturn V were developed by many subcontractors under control of NASA. These companies, due to multiple mergers and acquisitions, are now all part of the Boeing group.

Journey Earth-Moon

train Apollo space composed of the third stage of the Saturn rocket, the Command Module and Service (MSC ) and the Lunar Module (LEM) leaves Earth orbit after having parked over 2 hours on schedule. After a journey of almost 3 days, the Apollo spacecraft goes into lunar orbit. The lunar module Eagle, having completed 13 revolutions around the moon, separated from the CSM now occupied solely by Collins and begins its descent to the lunar surface.

Eagle Landing

The lunar module arises in the Sea of Tranquility, after approach in manual flight time. The site is scheduled to land exceeded 7 km due to problems encountered during the descent. Neil Armstrong was bothered by alarms on-board computer that manages and provides the autopilot navigation. The computer that has an equivalent power than a calculator low end of the 2000s (it has a ROM of 36 864 words of 16 bits and a memory of 2048 words), is saturated by signals from radar appointment you the consequences of a design error.

The First Man on the Moon: 1969 - 2009



Monopolized by alarms, Neil Armstrong passes the time when, according to the procedure, he should perform a final correction maneuver trajectory. LEM approaching a site cluttered with rocks, Armstrong will take manual control and fly the lunar module to the horizontal field to find a suitable site for the landing. This maneuver begins dangerously low fuel reserves planned: there are no more that 15 seconds of propellant reserved for landing when the device can finally lay to 4 miles of the site originally planned. Then follows a long sequence before the release of astronauts: checklists, poses spacesuits and verification, depressurization of the LEM.

Crew Walkout

The maximum range of the astronauts during spacewalks is 2: 45 pm, limit imposed by availability of oxygen and electrical energy A7L spacesuits. Armstrong made his first steps on the moon July 21, 1969 at 2 h 56 UTC (3 h 56 French time) on July 20 or 21 h 56 to Houston, before millions of viewers listened to the first impressions of the astronaut. It by placing the foot on the moon launches its message remains famous "It's a small step for man, one giant leap for mankind." Buzz Aldrin joined him 15 minutes later.

The astronauts' first task is to collect lunar rock samples: in case of early departure, Earth scientists will be able to provide evidence on which to work. Then the astronauts conduct the installation of Scientific Instruments Early Apollo Scientific Experiments Package. Among these are:

► aluminum reflector laser. The perpendicular to the reflector is directed by the astronauts to Earth near 5 ° and will be used to calculate the Earth-Moon distance from ground-based observatories;

► a seismometer whose life will be 21 days.

Astronauts harvested 21.7 kg of lunar soil samples, are numerous photos and film of the landing site and plant an American flag. They also receive a phone call from U.S. President Richard Nixon following the televised from the White House. The spacewalk lasted 2:31 ET about 250 meters are covered by the astronauts. When Buzz Aldrin in the lunar module back, he broke into the passenger inadvertently close the switch to ignite the engines of the LEM ascent stage. As this is a push button, he used the tip of a pen into place and allow the two astronauts left the moon.

Back on Earth

Liftoff from the Moon occurs 124 h 22 after the start of the mission. The American flag planted too close to the LEM is lying by the blowing off. The astronauts remained 21 h 36 on the Moon. LEM joined the command module and service remained in lunar orbit with Collins on board. Three days later the Apollo spacecraft splashed down in the Pacific after completing a mission of 195h18 time. The astronauts are recovered by the aircraft carrier USS Hornet. They are quarantined for 21 days, a practice that continued for three Apollo missions following, before the moon was declared sterile and without danger of contamination.

Mysteries Archives: Live from the Moon (25 min)

On 21 July the Soviet probe Luna 15, which would also bring samples of moon crashes into the lunar soil after 52 revolutions around the sun, reflecting the advance taken by the Americans in the space race.

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St. John the Evangelist

"He will wipe every tear from their eyes, and death will be no more.

And there will be no more mourning or crying or pain,

for the former things are gone. "

(Apocalypse: 21; 4)

Rather than my self-portrait (!), I preferred to pay tribute to the one I door pre-name:

Ioanan in Hebrew translates "Gift of God" or "Given by God" ... Excuse me less! ...

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"Lasciate OGNE speranza, voi ch'intrate !..."

"You who enter, abandon all hope !..."

Canto III of HELL

Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri .

Attempt of representation of an eternal despair now ...