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The Israeli-Palestinian Civil War

The Israeli-Palestinian conflict refers to conflict between Israelis and Palestinians in the Middle East since 1948 but began in 1920 when Jewish and Arab nationalists began to compete in Mandatory Palestine . The conflict is a mainly nationalist but also includes an important religious dimension among Israelis, mostly Jews and Palestinian Arabs Muslim majority. It has so far caused nearly 100 000 victims in 10 major conflicts, military operations or military, massacres, bombings and assassinations. The conflict also led to the exodus of 700,000 Palestinians (fleeing or expelled from Palestine in 1948, cf. Article Palestinian Exodus of 1948), and 800,000 Jews. To these are added to the exodus of 300,000 Palestinians in 1967. These population movements have led to the problem of Palestinian refugees who are nearly 4 million today.




ISRAEL-PALESTINE 60 years of violence fifth



Initially managed by the British, who controlled Palestine under a League of Nations mandate, the file was forwarded to UN in 1947. It was then voted the Partition Plan for Palestine, which further exacerbated the conflict by generalizing the Arab world and by the direct consequences of the war that followed for the Palestinian nation. Since then, the conflict has been almost a hundred resolutions of the Security Council and General Assembly and several attempts to negotiate and Peace conference.

1920-48: British Mandate of Palestine

The first anti-Jewish riots occur in March-April 1920 in Jerusalem and in May 1921 in Jaffa and cons institutions agricoles.Ces riots kill more than 50 dead and assigned by the committee appointed by the British Haycraft to Arab anger against Jewish immigration. This leads to the release of the first white paper, "said the Churchill White Paper, aimed at reassuring the Arabs, limiting Jewish immigration. But the riots also lead to the creation of the Jewish defense units, from the Haganah units organization Hashomer.


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The situation worsened sharply in 1929 with Violent anti-Jewish riots in Hebron, Jerusalem and Safed, which are nearly a hundred and fifty Jewish victims and ninety victims. For the first time since the Crusaders, the Jews were forced to abandon Hebron, their second holiest city. Again, the English call a commission of inquiry that tends to clear the Grand Mufti Jerusalem of its responsibilities and leading to a second white paper restricting land acquisitions and Jewish immigration. Chaim Weizmann in 1931 obtained the quasi-cancellation of this white paper, which will lead to direct confrontation of the Arabs and the English.


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Great Arab Revolt of 1936-1939 in Palestine agent

After a period of Anglo-Arab clashes from 1933 to 1936, Arabs constitute 25 October 1936 the Arab Higher Committee, under the direction of the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Amin al-Husseini. The British respond militarily by increasing the number of Jewish policemen and politically by a new commission of inquiry headed by Lord William Peel, which offers a first partition of Palestine: a Jewish area (part of the Galilee and the coastal plain ), an Arab region (Negev and Judea and Samaria) and an area under British control (Jerusalem). Jews reject the plan, hoping to improve it. The Arab Higher Committee rejects it totally, but the Emir Abdullah of Transjordan agrees. After the murder of British regional commissioner of Galilee, the anti-Arab by the English is very hard (over 5000 dead), the Arab Higher Committee dissolved and Amin al-Husseini exile.

From Auschwitz to Jerusalem

Faced with threats of war with Germany, English want to prevent the Arabs from joining the Axis forces in May 1939 and publish a third White Paper, which drastically reduced Jewish immigration to Palestine (10,000 visas per year for 5 years and 25,000 refugee visas and, fact, only 15,000 immigrants arrived in Palestine from 1939 to 1945), which prohibits the sale of land to Jews on 80% of the country and promises the creation of an independent Palestinian state within 10 years. Also, the declaration of war, Ben Gurion can declare: "We will make war as if there were no White Paper, and we will fight the White Paper as if the war did not exist." For their part, Arabs accept the terms of that White Paper, even if the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem calls for immediate independence of Palestine.

Despite the wishes of a commission of inquiry Anglo-American grant 100,000 visas for Palestine to solve the refugee problem, the British ban all immigration legal and Haganah is dedicated to fostering illegal immigration and 70 000 illegal can join, from Europe to Palestine. The case of the Exodus 1947, where 4,500 refugees are forced to return to Germany, upsets and world opinion.

The partition plan of the UN

Britain then entrusted the matter to the United Nations which, with the support of the United States and the Soviet Union despite the opposition of all Arab countries, vote plan partition of Palestine, November 30, 1947, causing demonstrations of joy on the part of Jews and anger from the Arabs of Palestine. This partition plan dividing Palestine into three sectors, one Arab, one Jewish and the third, the city of Jerusalem, International. On 14 May 1948, David Ben Gurion proclaimed the independent state of Israel, immediately attacked by neighboring Arab states.

CHRONOLOGY: 1948 - 2009

1948-1949: Israel Independence

The first Arab-Israeli conflict lasts until 1949 and marks, after several abortive truce, Israel's victory . The Israeli state pushes the boundaries drawn by the UN and earns a third of its territory. The Arab State of Palestine is born dead, most of its inhabitants became refugees. Israel occupies the western part of Jerusalem, now capital. The West Bank, including East Jerusalem remained under Jordanian supervision, and Gaza came under Egyptian supervision. Israel suffered heavy losses during this conflict (about 1% of its total population). May 11, the State of Israel, recognized internationally, becoming a UN member.

1950: Egypt takes control of Gaza

The State of Israel adopted the Law of Return which grants Israeli citizenship to any Jewish immigrant. Its population doubled between 1948 and 1951. The Arab State of Palestine, it has disappeared, and his people are scattered in neighboring Arab states, the territory of Israel and the refugee camps. April 24, the West Bank was annexed by Transjordan and Egypt provides control over Gaza.

1956 Crisis Suez

In an Arab world boil, Egypt's Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, while Franco-British July 26. This action has assoit popularity of a president eager to strengthen the union of Arab countries.
Israel, France and Great Britain fight back in October but were forced to retreat by a combined pressure of the USSR and the United States.

1959: Creation of Fatah

Yasser Arafat and other refugees create Fatah. This organization, liberation movement of Palestine, advocated armed struggle and defended the action the Palestinian people. He wants to break away from Arab countries, less prone to action. Fatah conducts its first military operation against Israel in 1965.


1964: Creation of the PLO

The first summit of Arab heads of state held in Cairo from January 13 to 17. It marks the hopes of Arab unity and lay the groundwork for a Palestinian entity. The first Palestinian National Congress opens a few months later, on May 29 in Jerusalem. He voted for the creation of the Organization for the Liberation of Palestine (PLO), Yasser Arafat, which presides the executive committee five years later, in February 1969. The PLO, rejecting the 1947 partition, does not recognize the State of Israel.






1967: Six Day War

Six Day War. "Reunification" of Jerusalem. After weeks of tension and provocation initiated by Syria and Egypt, Israel launched on June 5 that an airstrike destroyed the air forces of both countries. Israel conquers the Sinai, so, the West Bank, Gaza, East Jerusalem and the Syrian Golan. By the summer, the colonization of these territories began. This war involves the exile of 200 000 new refugees. On 22 November, in response to the blitzkrieg, the Security Council adopted UN Resolution 242. She said the peace in the Middle East requires "withdrawal of Israeli armed forces from territories occupied during the recent conflict, respect and recognition of the sovereignty of the territorial integrity and political independence of every State the region and their right to live in peace within secure and recognized borders.

Documentary: Six Days of War (52 min)


1969: Suez War

begins the war of attrition along the Suez Canal. Yasser Arafat became the PLO leader.

1970: Confrontation between Jordan and the PLO

The Kingdom of Jordan takes a dim view of the growing power of the PLO in its territory. The actions of the Jordanian army are thousands of dead Palestinians, particularly in the refugee camp at Jebel-Wahadat. Responses terrorists are multiplying in a Black September. A cease-fire was signed in Cairo by Nasser. The PLO, overwhelmed, finds refuge in Beirut as thousands of Palestinians in Lebanon are heading south.

1972: Munich

September 4: Eleven Israeli athletes were murdered at the Munich Olympics. The games do not stop either. Check out this article.

1973 Yom Kippur War

The Egyptian and Syrian forces attacked Israel on October 6, during the Yom Kippur or "Day of Forgiveness." Their goal: win back the occupied territories. The cease-fire of 24 October was a huge victory for the Israeli army, at first shaken by a war she did not see coming. Resolution 338 reaffirms the need a "just and lasting peace in the Middle East." The PLO is recognized as the sole representative of Palestinian people at the Arab summit in Algiers which runs from November 26 to 28. Jordan's attitude reflects, after joint attack by Egypt and Syria, a gradual disengagement from Arab countries.



1974: Entry of the PLO at the UN as an observer

"I came with an olive branch and a gun ... Do not let the industry Olive fall from my hand. " With these words that Yasser Arafat concluded his famous speech on 13 November at the UN. He gets the UN Palestinian right to independence and self-determination and the PLO observer status.

1976: Operation Entebbe

June 26-July 4: Operation Entebbe. 47 Jewish and Israeli hostages, captured by a terrorist commando Germano-Palestinian aboard a plane and taken prisoner in Uganda are delivered by a raid by the Israeli Air Force.


1977: Arrival of the Israeli right wing to power

The Israeli left has been weakened by its mismanagement of the Yom Kippur War. Right happens for the first time in power. Its leader, Menachem Begin was Prime Minister. On November 19 in the Knesset (Israeli parliament), Egyptian President Anwar al-Sadat, urges Israel to trade territories against peace. This historic breakthrough heralds the Camp David accords.

1978: Camp David Accords

After years of war, Egypt changed its strategy and is close to Israel. On 17 September 1978, the United States President Jimmy Carter signs with Anwar Sadat and Menachem Begin, two framework agreements. The first allows recovery by Egypt's Sinai, effective in 1982, the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries and the recognition of a legitimate right of Palestinians. A second agreement provides for a system of substantial autonomy in the West Bank and Gaza: it has never been applied.

1981: Israel annexes the Golan

Palestinians, released by Egypt, continue their guerrilla war from southern Lebanon. In a disunited Arab world, Sadat was assassinated Oct. 6, 1981 by an Islamist. On 14 December this year, Israel annexed the Golan in 1967 won de facto.

1982: Massacres at Sabra and Shatila

Israel invaded Lebanon on June 6 Menachem Begin and Ariel Sharon launched the IDF to attack the PLO.

army besieging Beirut and then into West Beirut, forcing the PLO to take refuge in Tunis in August.

A newly elected Lebanese President Bashir Gemayel was assassinated in a country riven by infighting. Lebanese Christian militias broke into the refugee camps of Sabra and Shatila and there massacred hundreds of civilians. Witnessed the events, the Israeli army does not intervene, causing the wrath of 300,000 Israeli citizens who express their outrage in Tel Aviv.

1983: Peace Agreements Lebanese-Israeli

Israel invaded Lebanon on June 6 Menachem Begin and Ariel Sharon launch the IDF to attack the PLO. The army laid siege to Beirut and then into West Beirut, forcing the PLO to take refuge in Tunis in August. A newly elected Lebanese President Bashir Gemayel was assassinated in a country riven by infighting. Lebanese Christian militias broke into the refugee camps of Sabra and Shatila and massacred hundreds of them civilians. Witnessed the events, the Israeli army does not intervene, causing the wrath of 300,000 Israeli citizens who express their outrage in Tel Aviv.




1985: Withdrawal of Israel from Lebanon

the IDF finally withdrew from Lebanon in June, but retains control of the border strip south. Indeed, the armed groups operating in southern Lebanon, including Hezbollah, attacked northern Israel. The Israeli army maintains
pressure on the PLO. On 1 October 1985, she proceeded to the aerial bombardment of the headquarters in Tunis that results in 70 deaths.


1987: Start of the Intifada

Palestinians trigger the first Intifada, or "war of stones", in response to the Israeli occupation in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. This conflict will end with the Oslo Accords signed in Washington September 13 1993 by Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat. These agreements provide for the establishment of a Palestinian Authority and mutual recognition of the PLO and Israel.



1988: Opening the dialogue between Washington and the PLO

During the nineteenth National Council (PNC), the PLO recognizes resolutions 181, 242, 338, proclaims a Palestinian state. This advice comes after the assassination of Abu Jihad, the organization's number two. Yasser Arafat in his speech of December 13 speech to the UN General Assembly, took the statements of NPC and reiterates its condemnation of terrorism in all its forms. This conciliatory stance pushes Washington to accept the opening of a "substantive dialogue" with the Palestinian organization.

1991: First Gulf War

After the invasion of the emirate of Kuwait from Iraqi forces on August 2, Resolution 660 of the Security Council of UN demands " the immediate and unconditional withdrawal of all Iraqi forces. "Spearheading the coalition, the United States enroll most major Arab countries, including Egypt and Syria, which Bush has promised involvement in resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The allies crushed the Iraqi army of Saddam Hussein that only the PLO supported. Iraq launches missiles into Israel and to involve and widespread conflict. Israel will not retaliate.

1992: Arrival of Yitzhak Rabin to power

June 23, Yitzhak Rabin and the Labour Party won the parliamentary elections. The Israeli government is considering a "limited withdrawal" from the Golan in exchange for "full peace with Syria." Despite combined pressure from the United States and France, repeated incidents between Hamas and Israel threaten the evolution of the peace process.


1993 Oslo Accords

Alongside the formal meetings began in January, the secret Oslo negotiations between Israelis and Palestinians. A "Declaration of Principles on Interim Self" is adopted. She drives in September for mutual recognition of Israel and the PLO.
After a historic handshake between Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat, Israel and the PLO signed in Washington on Sept. 13 the Declaration of Principles Oslo. It provides for a period of five years of autonomy in the West Bank and Gaza and the administration of territories by the Palestinian Authority.
However, the most critical issues (borders, the status of Jerusalem, refugees and settlements above) are not included in the statement. These agreements lead to the radicalization of extremists on both sides.

1994: Gaza-Jericho Agreement

Despite further attacks, including the Tomb of the Patriarchs massacre committed in Hebron by an Israeli settler, the peace process forward. Arafat and Rabin signed the Paris Agreement on economic issues and in May the agreement of the Gaza-Jericho autonomy of Cairo. After the triumphant arrival of Yasser Arafat in Gaza and the installation of the Palestinian Authority in Gaza and Jericho, Yasser Arafat, Shimon Peres and Yitzhak Rabin received the Nobel Prize for peace. The reconciliation process extends to Arab countries and 26 October, Jordan and Israel sign a peace treaty. February 25 : 29 Muslim worshipers praying at the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron, were killed by Baruch Goldstein Dr. December 12: Yitzhak Rabin, Shimon Peres and Yasser Arafat received the Nobel Prize for peace.

1995: Oslo 2

The progress of the peace process is faltering. The first deadlines established by the Oslo Declaration are not required - Hebron is not removed, the withdrawal by the Israeli army in Gaza and Jericho comes five months after the due date - and the attacks by Hamas multiply .
However, the Oslo 2 on the extension of Palestinian autonomy were signed in Washington, attended by Presidents Clinton and Mubarak (Egypt) and King Hussein of Jordan.
In a climate of distrust, Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin was assassinated Nov. 4 by a right-wing Israeli student. He was replaced by Shimon Peres.

1996: Yasser Arafat's Palestinian Authority President

The disillusionment succession advances. The attacks of Hamas are more than 100 Israeli deaths while Shimon Peres authorized the transaction Military Grapes of Wrath "against Lebanon, killing 98 civilians in Qana camp. Met for the first time in Palestine, Gaza, the Palestine National Council (NPC) headed by Yasser Arafat removed from its charter all elements questioning the existence of the State of Israel. The Israeli right calls for additional ratification by the Palestinian authorities. The same year, Benjamin Netanyahu became head of a coalition government the right, the extreme right and the religious. He endorsed the plan of Greater Jerusalem reunified capital of the State of Israel, and authorizes the opening of a tunnel below the Temple Mount. These decisions caused a wave of protests in the Palestinian territories, severely repressed by the Israeli army.

1997: Memorandum of Understanding in the city of Hebron

January 15 is the signed memorandum of agreement on redeployment in Hebron and the transfer of certain powers the Palestinian Authority. This agreement shall take effect within 10 days of signature. However, the points of tension remain. The Israeli government agrees to include the installation a Jewish settlement in the occupied Arab Jerusalem. The Sheikh Ahmed Yassin spiritual leader of Hamas, released by Israel during a prisoner exchange, is a hero's welcome in Gaza.





1999: The Sharm el-Sheikh

The PLO agreed in May to postpone the proclamation of an independent Palestinian state, though provided for in the Oslo accords. Yasser Arafat and Ehud Barak, newly elected head of a Labour government in September signed the Sharm el-Sheikh. It redefines the timing Wye River agreements (1998) for further withdrawal of the IDF, the initiation of a transition zone between Gaza and the West Bank and prisoners released. The crucial issues remained unresolved must be concluded no later than September 13, 2000.

2000: Failure of Camp David and the beginning of the second intifada

After 5 memoranda written between 1994 and 1999 resulting in the creation of a Palestinian state and three articles to the Palestinian areas, mutual trust seems eroded. In this context break off in July on top of Camp David. Inadequately prepared, it ends with a proclamation of intent. The crucial issues (final status of Jerusalem, demarcation of borders, Palestinian refugees, water problems) find no solution. Ariel Sharon then Likud leader, goes to the mosque compound in Jerusalem. The visit triggered violent clashes that are rapidly gaining the West Bank and Gaza Strip. This is the beginning of the second intifada. The new agreements at Sharm el-Sheikh bring no breakthrough.

2002: More violence that hope

April 14: Following the increase in attacks, the Israeli government decides to build a barrier against terrorism within the line of separation, and issues a directive to "immediately begin construction of a fence in the region of 'Anin ... the Tulkarm area and the area of Jerusalem." 14 August: approval by Israel's Wall route remained secret. It will consist largely of electronic barriers.

2003: The Geneva Initiative

In 2003, the intifada continues. In February, the Palestinian Authority endorsed the "road map" and Israel ratifies the month of May. But during the summer, the attacks have not stopped. The roadmap is not applied and the Israelis demand the departure of Yasser Arafat. In November, while the official diplomatic negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority have stalled, an unofficial peace initiative in Geneva is led by some of the negotiators in Taba in 2001: the Israeli Yossi Beilin, and Daniel Ammon Shahak Levy and Palestinian Yasser Abd Rabbo and Ghaith al-Omari. They lead agreement copy which could, if implemented, can finally end the conflict and lasting peace. All subjects are covered: the division of territories, the status of Jerusalem, Palestinian refugees. A letter of support for the agreement is signed by 58 personalities including Mikhail Gorbachev, Boutros Boutros-Ghali and Jacques Delors. This agreement is proof that a solution can be found, but was rejected by the official Israeli and Palestinian.

2004: Disengagement Plan and death of Arafat

After three years of Intifada, Ariel Sharon decided to separate Israel and the Palestinians. For this, he announced a plan to dismantle Israeli settlements in the Gaza Strip and four West Bank settlements. This plan should improve the security of Israel and end the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, respecting international law and without political negotiations. For Ariel Sharon, the withdrawal is a unilateral goodwill gesture vis-à- vis the Palestinians and the international public opinion. He hopes that in return Mahmoud Abbas and the Palestinian Authority to make a gesture in their turn actually fighting against terrorism. The Likud party of Ariel Sharon organizes an internal referendum May 2, 2004 and rejects the disengagement plan and 65% of voters. Following that vote, Ariel Sharon made some changes to the plan and 6 June 2004, the Israeli government approval. On November 11, 2004 Yasser Arafat died of illness. His death does not change the Palestinian Intifada or the Israeli disengagement plan.


2005: The disengagement from Gaza

The first months of the year are devoted to the detailed development plan for unilateral disengagement from Gaza and to develop alternative housing Israeli settlers who will be evacuated. The country is deeply divided between a half of Israelis support the plan, hoping it will bring peace and the other half, including religious, opposed can not bring himself to abandon the land they perceive as sacred and not believing that this "sacrifice" will bring peace. Despite this strong opposition, Ariel Sharon is implementing the plan and in August 2005, the settlers who did not leave Gaza voluntarily were forcibly evicted by the Israeli army. Military installations are also evacuated and 12 September 2005, the total disengagement from Gaza is complete. November 25 2005, the border between Gaza and Egypt is open and the Palestinians can move freely through the Rafah crossing point.





2006: The chaos in Gaza - Lebanon War

Following the disengagement, the situation of Palestinians in Gaza, far from s improve worsened. Israel has left the scene, an intense power struggle erupted between Hamas and the Palestinian Authority. On 26 January 2006, Hamas won the Palestinian legislative elections deal with Fatah. International subsidies are arrested because Hamas is recognized as a terrorist organization. The economic situation is deteriorating rapidly and officials are not paid. Between Prime Minister Ismail Haniyeh of Hamas and Mahmoud Abbas, Palestinian Authority Chairman relations are strained to the extreme and their respective organizations - Hamas and Fatah - are waging a war making inter-Palestinian many victims. Hamas also attacks the Israelis firing missiles from Gaza, which justifies Israeli retaliation. Palestinian political prisoners prepare a peace proposal based on mutual recognition of two states. This proposal is not discussed, because just after the war began in Lebanon. On July 12, 2006, Hezbollah, an organization recognized as terrorist based in south Lebanon, attack an Israeli patrol, killing several soldiers and kidnapped two.

The Israeli army retaliated by unleashing a war against Hezbollah. This war, unprepared, is a failure. Israeli soldiers are not released. South Lebanon is destroyed and many Lebanese civilians were killed. Hizbollah suffered heavy losses, but its leader, Hassan Nasrallah is not taken. He even became a folk hero because he stood up to the Israeli army for several weeks. While all eyes were turned to Lebanon, the Israeli army also continued to descend on Gaza.

2008-2009: Operation Lead Cast

On November 5, 2008, after five months of partial truce, Israel carried out a raid against Hamas tunnel leading to exchanges of fire and death of six members of Hamas. December 18, Hamas announced non-renewal of the truce. The firing of rockets into Israel from reprennent.À December 27, Israeli aircraft bombed the Hamas infrastructure in Gaza is the beginning of "Operation Cast Lead." On January 3, 2009, Operation Cast Lead experiencing a new phase when the Israelis sent troops into the Gaza Strip. The deal according to Palestinian sources said more than 1,300 dead in Gaza on the Israeli side and 13 according to Israeli sources. January 18, Israel declared the cease-fire. The same day, Hamas announces truce and gives seven days for the Israeli army leaving Gaza, which is made from 21 January. During the following weeks, Palestinians in Gaza continue to send some rockets several times a week in which Israel responds by bombing aviation Palestinian smuggling tunnels with Egypt.